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Structured Review

ATeam Scientific mit-ateam 1.03 plasmid
Plasma-irradiated Cys products restore mitochondrial energy metabolism in cardiomyocytes under hypoxia. ( A ) Representative images of cardiomyocytes labeled with JC-1 dye to measure mitochondrial membrane potential. Cardiomyocytes treated with Cys or Cys plasma medium were cultured under normoxia or hypoxia. ΔCM(Cys)∗, plasma-irradiated methionine and cysteine-free DMEM supplemented with cysteine. Scale bars, 50 μm. Right: quantification of JC-1 red/green fluorescence ratio (n = 4 independent experiments). ( B ) Representative YFP/CFP ratiometric pseudocolored images of cardiomyocytes transfected with mit-ATeam 1.03 to monitor mitochondrial <t>ATP.</t> Scale bars, 50 μm. Right: quantification of <t>YFP/CFP</t> <t>FRET</t> ratio (n = 4 independent experiments). ( C ) NADH/NAD + ratio in cardiomyocyte lysates (n = 3 independent experiments). ( D ) Real-time oxygen consumption rate (OCR) measurements of cardiomyocytes cultured in plasma-irradiated Cys medium by Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer under normoxia. Cells were treated with oligomycin (Olig.), FCCP, rotenone (Rot.) and antimycin A (AA). ( E ) Measurements of OCR for different respiration modes (n = 3 independent experiments). ( F ) OCR measurements by MitoXpress Xtra assay. Cardiomyocytes were cultured under Nor or Hyp for 24 h, then basal respiration was measured under Nor (n = 3 independent experiments). ( G ) Lactate concentration in media was measured (n = 4 independent experiments). ( H ) Cardiomyocytes were labeled with JC-1 dye after gene silencing by siRNA transfection under Hyp, and JC-1 red/green fluorescence ratio was quantified. siNC: siRNA for negative control, siSqor: siRNA for Sqor gene (n = 3 independent experiments). Scale bars, 100 μm. ( I ) Cardiomyocytes transfected with EGFP and SQOR or empty vector (pcDNA) were labeled with TMRE to measure mitochondrial membrane potential. Right: Measurement of TMRE fluorescence intensity normalized by EGFP-positive cell surface area (n > 72 cells from 3 independent experiments). Scale bars, 50 μm. Data are shown as the means ± SEM. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001 by one-way ANOVA (A-C, F–H); unpaired t -test (E, I). “ns” indicates not significant. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
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Images

1) Product Images from "Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma-irradiated cysteine protects cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury by preserving supersulfides"

Article Title: Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma-irradiated cysteine protects cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury by preserving supersulfides

Journal: Redox Biology

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103445

Plasma-irradiated Cys products restore mitochondrial energy metabolism in cardiomyocytes under hypoxia. ( A ) Representative images of cardiomyocytes labeled with JC-1 dye to measure mitochondrial membrane potential. Cardiomyocytes treated with Cys or Cys plasma medium were cultured under normoxia or hypoxia. ΔCM(Cys)∗, plasma-irradiated methionine and cysteine-free DMEM supplemented with cysteine. Scale bars, 50 μm. Right: quantification of JC-1 red/green fluorescence ratio (n = 4 independent experiments). ( B ) Representative YFP/CFP ratiometric pseudocolored images of cardiomyocytes transfected with mit-ATeam 1.03 to monitor mitochondrial ATP. Scale bars, 50 μm. Right: quantification of YFP/CFP FRET ratio (n = 4 independent experiments). ( C ) NADH/NAD + ratio in cardiomyocyte lysates (n = 3 independent experiments). ( D ) Real-time oxygen consumption rate (OCR) measurements of cardiomyocytes cultured in plasma-irradiated Cys medium by Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer under normoxia. Cells were treated with oligomycin (Olig.), FCCP, rotenone (Rot.) and antimycin A (AA). ( E ) Measurements of OCR for different respiration modes (n = 3 independent experiments). ( F ) OCR measurements by MitoXpress Xtra assay. Cardiomyocytes were cultured under Nor or Hyp for 24 h, then basal respiration was measured under Nor (n = 3 independent experiments). ( G ) Lactate concentration in media was measured (n = 4 independent experiments). ( H ) Cardiomyocytes were labeled with JC-1 dye after gene silencing by siRNA transfection under Hyp, and JC-1 red/green fluorescence ratio was quantified. siNC: siRNA for negative control, siSqor: siRNA for Sqor gene (n = 3 independent experiments). Scale bars, 100 μm. ( I ) Cardiomyocytes transfected with EGFP and SQOR or empty vector (pcDNA) were labeled with TMRE to measure mitochondrial membrane potential. Right: Measurement of TMRE fluorescence intensity normalized by EGFP-positive cell surface area (n > 72 cells from 3 independent experiments). Scale bars, 50 μm. Data are shown as the means ± SEM. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001 by one-way ANOVA (A-C, F–H); unpaired t -test (E, I). “ns” indicates not significant. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Figure Legend Snippet: Plasma-irradiated Cys products restore mitochondrial energy metabolism in cardiomyocytes under hypoxia. ( A ) Representative images of cardiomyocytes labeled with JC-1 dye to measure mitochondrial membrane potential. Cardiomyocytes treated with Cys or Cys plasma medium were cultured under normoxia or hypoxia. ΔCM(Cys)∗, plasma-irradiated methionine and cysteine-free DMEM supplemented with cysteine. Scale bars, 50 μm. Right: quantification of JC-1 red/green fluorescence ratio (n = 4 independent experiments). ( B ) Representative YFP/CFP ratiometric pseudocolored images of cardiomyocytes transfected with mit-ATeam 1.03 to monitor mitochondrial ATP. Scale bars, 50 μm. Right: quantification of YFP/CFP FRET ratio (n = 4 independent experiments). ( C ) NADH/NAD + ratio in cardiomyocyte lysates (n = 3 independent experiments). ( D ) Real-time oxygen consumption rate (OCR) measurements of cardiomyocytes cultured in plasma-irradiated Cys medium by Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer under normoxia. Cells were treated with oligomycin (Olig.), FCCP, rotenone (Rot.) and antimycin A (AA). ( E ) Measurements of OCR for different respiration modes (n = 3 independent experiments). ( F ) OCR measurements by MitoXpress Xtra assay. Cardiomyocytes were cultured under Nor or Hyp for 24 h, then basal respiration was measured under Nor (n = 3 independent experiments). ( G ) Lactate concentration in media was measured (n = 4 independent experiments). ( H ) Cardiomyocytes were labeled with JC-1 dye after gene silencing by siRNA transfection under Hyp, and JC-1 red/green fluorescence ratio was quantified. siNC: siRNA for negative control, siSqor: siRNA for Sqor gene (n = 3 independent experiments). Scale bars, 100 μm. ( I ) Cardiomyocytes transfected with EGFP and SQOR or empty vector (pcDNA) were labeled with TMRE to measure mitochondrial membrane potential. Right: Measurement of TMRE fluorescence intensity normalized by EGFP-positive cell surface area (n > 72 cells from 3 independent experiments). Scale bars, 50 μm. Data are shown as the means ± SEM. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001 by one-way ANOVA (A-C, F–H); unpaired t -test (E, I). “ns” indicates not significant. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Techniques Used: Clinical Proteomics, Irradiation, Labeling, Membrane, Cell Culture, Fluorescence, Transfection, Concentration Assay, Negative Control, Plasmid Preparation

Related Articles

Concentration Assay:

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G0/G1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Furthermore, we examined whether BAG6 knockdown influences mitochondrial ATP decline under hypoxic condition in cardiomyocytes using Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: Evaluation of intramitochondrial ATP levels identifies G0/G1 switch gene 2 as a positive regulator of oxidative phosphorylation
Article Snippet: To examine whether these genes are involved in the regulation of OXPHOS activity, we knocked down these genes by shRNA (see Fig. S7 A ) and examined [ATP] mito using the Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Forty-eight h after adenovirus infection, mitochondrial ATP concentrations were measured by a Mit-ATeam assay during hypoxia.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Mit-ATeam assay was performed under 1% O 2 condition at 48 h after siRNA transfection or lentivirus infection.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: We next examined the changes in [ATP] mito during hypoxia with the Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: FRET-based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration (Mit-ATeam assay) FRET-based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration in cardiomyocytes was measured as described previously ( 5 ).

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G0/G1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: concentration (Mit-ATeam assay) FRET-Based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration in cardiomyocytes was measured as previously described (5).

Knockdown:

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G0/G1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Furthermore, we examined whether BAG6 knockdown influences mitochondrial ATP decline under hypoxic condition in cardiomyocytes using Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: Evaluation of intramitochondrial ATP levels identifies G0/G1 switch gene 2 as a positive regulator of oxidative phosphorylation
Article Snippet: To examine whether these genes are involved in the regulation of OXPHOS activity, we knocked down these genes by shRNA (see Fig. S7 A ) and examined [ATP] mito using the Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Forty-eight h after adenovirus infection, mitochondrial ATP concentrations were measured by a Mit-ATeam assay during hypoxia.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Mit-ATeam assay was performed under 1% O 2 condition at 48 h after siRNA transfection or lentivirus infection.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: We next examined the changes in [ATP] mito during hypoxia with the Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: FRET-based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration (Mit-ATeam assay) FRET-based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration in cardiomyocytes was measured as described previously ( 5 ).

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G0/G1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: concentration (Mit-ATeam assay) FRET-Based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration in cardiomyocytes was measured as previously described (5).

Transfection:

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G0/G1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Furthermore, we examined whether BAG6 knockdown influences mitochondrial ATP decline under hypoxic condition in cardiomyocytes using Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: Evaluation of intramitochondrial ATP levels identifies G0/G1 switch gene 2 as a positive regulator of oxidative phosphorylation
Article Snippet: To examine whether these genes are involved in the regulation of OXPHOS activity, we knocked down these genes by shRNA (see Fig. S7 A ) and examined [ATP] mito using the Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Forty-eight h after adenovirus infection, mitochondrial ATP concentrations were measured by a Mit-ATeam assay during hypoxia.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Mit-ATeam assay was performed under 1% O 2 condition at 48 h after siRNA transfection or lentivirus infection.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: We next examined the changes in [ATP] mito during hypoxia with the Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: FRET-based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration (Mit-ATeam assay) FRET-based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration in cardiomyocytes was measured as described previously ( 5 ).

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G0/G1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: concentration (Mit-ATeam assay) FRET-Based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration in cardiomyocytes was measured as previously described (5).

Incubation:

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G0/G1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Furthermore, we examined whether BAG6 knockdown influences mitochondrial ATP decline under hypoxic condition in cardiomyocytes using Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: Evaluation of intramitochondrial ATP levels identifies G0/G1 switch gene 2 as a positive regulator of oxidative phosphorylation
Article Snippet: To examine whether these genes are involved in the regulation of OXPHOS activity, we knocked down these genes by shRNA (see Fig. S7 A ) and examined [ATP] mito using the Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Forty-eight h after adenovirus infection, mitochondrial ATP concentrations were measured by a Mit-ATeam assay during hypoxia.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Mit-ATeam assay was performed under 1% O 2 condition at 48 h after siRNA transfection or lentivirus infection.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: We next examined the changes in [ATP] mito during hypoxia with the Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: FRET-based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration (Mit-ATeam assay) FRET-based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration in cardiomyocytes was measured as described previously ( 5 ).

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G0/G1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: concentration (Mit-ATeam assay) FRET-Based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration in cardiomyocytes was measured as previously described (5).

Western Blot:

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G0/G1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Furthermore, we examined whether BAG6 knockdown influences mitochondrial ATP decline under hypoxic condition in cardiomyocytes using Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: Evaluation of intramitochondrial ATP levels identifies G0/G1 switch gene 2 as a positive regulator of oxidative phosphorylation
Article Snippet: To examine whether these genes are involved in the regulation of OXPHOS activity, we knocked down these genes by shRNA (see Fig. S7 A ) and examined [ATP] mito using the Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Forty-eight h after adenovirus infection, mitochondrial ATP concentrations were measured by a Mit-ATeam assay during hypoxia.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Mit-ATeam assay was performed under 1% O 2 condition at 48 h after siRNA transfection or lentivirus infection.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: We next examined the changes in [ATP] mito during hypoxia with the Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: FRET-based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration (Mit-ATeam assay) FRET-based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration in cardiomyocytes was measured as described previously ( 5 ).

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G0/G1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: concentration (Mit-ATeam assay) FRET-Based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration in cardiomyocytes was measured as previously described (5).

Fluorescence:

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G0/G1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Furthermore, we examined whether BAG6 knockdown influences mitochondrial ATP decline under hypoxic condition in cardiomyocytes using Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: Evaluation of intramitochondrial ATP levels identifies G0/G1 switch gene 2 as a positive regulator of oxidative phosphorylation
Article Snippet: To examine whether these genes are involved in the regulation of OXPHOS activity, we knocked down these genes by shRNA (see Fig. S7 A ) and examined [ATP] mito using the Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Forty-eight h after adenovirus infection, mitochondrial ATP concentrations were measured by a Mit-ATeam assay during hypoxia.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Mit-ATeam assay was performed under 1% O 2 condition at 48 h after siRNA transfection or lentivirus infection.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: We next examined the changes in [ATP] mito during hypoxia with the Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: FRET-based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration (Mit-ATeam assay) FRET-based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration in cardiomyocytes was measured as described previously ( 5 ).

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G0/G1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: concentration (Mit-ATeam assay) FRET-Based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration in cardiomyocytes was measured as previously described (5).

Expressing:

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G0/G1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Furthermore, we examined whether BAG6 knockdown influences mitochondrial ATP decline under hypoxic condition in cardiomyocytes using Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: Evaluation of intramitochondrial ATP levels identifies G0/G1 switch gene 2 as a positive regulator of oxidative phosphorylation
Article Snippet: To examine whether these genes are involved in the regulation of OXPHOS activity, we knocked down these genes by shRNA (see Fig. S7 A ) and examined [ATP] mito using the Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Forty-eight h after adenovirus infection, mitochondrial ATP concentrations were measured by a Mit-ATeam assay during hypoxia.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Mit-ATeam assay was performed under 1% O 2 condition at 48 h after siRNA transfection or lentivirus infection.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: We next examined the changes in [ATP] mito during hypoxia with the Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: FRET-based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration (Mit-ATeam assay) FRET-based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration in cardiomyocytes was measured as described previously ( 5 ).

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G0/G1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: concentration (Mit-ATeam assay) FRET-Based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration in cardiomyocytes was measured as previously described (5).

Inhibition:

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G0/G1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Furthermore, we examined whether BAG6 knockdown influences mitochondrial ATP decline under hypoxic condition in cardiomyocytes using Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: Evaluation of intramitochondrial ATP levels identifies G0/G1 switch gene 2 as a positive regulator of oxidative phosphorylation
Article Snippet: To examine whether these genes are involved in the regulation of OXPHOS activity, we knocked down these genes by shRNA (see Fig. S7 A ) and examined [ATP] mito using the Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Forty-eight h after adenovirus infection, mitochondrial ATP concentrations were measured by a Mit-ATeam assay during hypoxia.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Mit-ATeam assay was performed under 1% O 2 condition at 48 h after siRNA transfection or lentivirus infection.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: We next examined the changes in [ATP] mito during hypoxia with the Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: FRET-based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration (Mit-ATeam assay) FRET-based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration in cardiomyocytes was measured as described previously ( 5 ).

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G0/G1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: concentration (Mit-ATeam assay) FRET-Based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration in cardiomyocytes was measured as previously described (5).

Preserving:

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G0/G1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Furthermore, we examined whether BAG6 knockdown influences mitochondrial ATP decline under hypoxic condition in cardiomyocytes using Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: Evaluation of intramitochondrial ATP levels identifies G0/G1 switch gene 2 as a positive regulator of oxidative phosphorylation
Article Snippet: To examine whether these genes are involved in the regulation of OXPHOS activity, we knocked down these genes by shRNA (see Fig. S7 A ) and examined [ATP] mito using the Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Forty-eight h after adenovirus infection, mitochondrial ATP concentrations were measured by a Mit-ATeam assay during hypoxia.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Mit-ATeam assay was performed under 1% O 2 condition at 48 h after siRNA transfection or lentivirus infection.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: We next examined the changes in [ATP] mito during hypoxia with the Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: FRET-based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration (Mit-ATeam assay) FRET-based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration in cardiomyocytes was measured as described previously ( 5 ).

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G0/G1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: concentration (Mit-ATeam assay) FRET-Based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration in cardiomyocytes was measured as previously described (5).

Mutagenesis:

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G0/G1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Furthermore, we examined whether BAG6 knockdown influences mitochondrial ATP decline under hypoxic condition in cardiomyocytes using Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: Evaluation of intramitochondrial ATP levels identifies G0/G1 switch gene 2 as a positive regulator of oxidative phosphorylation
Article Snippet: To examine whether these genes are involved in the regulation of OXPHOS activity, we knocked down these genes by shRNA (see Fig. S7 A ) and examined [ATP] mito using the Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Forty-eight h after adenovirus infection, mitochondrial ATP concentrations were measured by a Mit-ATeam assay during hypoxia.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Mit-ATeam assay was performed under 1% O 2 condition at 48 h after siRNA transfection or lentivirus infection.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: We next examined the changes in [ATP] mito during hypoxia with the Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: FRET-based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration (Mit-ATeam assay) FRET-based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration in cardiomyocytes was measured as described previously ( 5 ).

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G0/G1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: concentration (Mit-ATeam assay) FRET-Based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration in cardiomyocytes was measured as previously described (5).

Infection:

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G0/G1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Furthermore, we examined whether BAG6 knockdown influences mitochondrial ATP decline under hypoxic condition in cardiomyocytes using Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: Evaluation of intramitochondrial ATP levels identifies G0/G1 switch gene 2 as a positive regulator of oxidative phosphorylation
Article Snippet: To examine whether these genes are involved in the regulation of OXPHOS activity, we knocked down these genes by shRNA (see Fig. S7 A ) and examined [ATP] mito using the Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Forty-eight h after adenovirus infection, mitochondrial ATP concentrations were measured by a Mit-ATeam assay during hypoxia.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Mit-ATeam assay was performed under 1% O 2 condition at 48 h after siRNA transfection or lentivirus infection.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: We next examined the changes in [ATP] mito during hypoxia with the Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: FRET-based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration (Mit-ATeam assay) FRET-based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration in cardiomyocytes was measured as described previously ( 5 ).

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G0/G1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: concentration (Mit-ATeam assay) FRET-Based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration in cardiomyocytes was measured as previously described (5).

Activity Assay:

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G0/G1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Furthermore, we examined whether BAG6 knockdown influences mitochondrial ATP decline under hypoxic condition in cardiomyocytes using Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: Evaluation of intramitochondrial ATP levels identifies G0/G1 switch gene 2 as a positive regulator of oxidative phosphorylation
Article Snippet: To examine whether these genes are involved in the regulation of OXPHOS activity, we knocked down these genes by shRNA (see Fig. S7 A ) and examined [ATP] mito using the Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Forty-eight h after adenovirus infection, mitochondrial ATP concentrations were measured by a Mit-ATeam assay during hypoxia.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Mit-ATeam assay was performed under 1% O 2 condition at 48 h after siRNA transfection or lentivirus infection.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: We next examined the changes in [ATP] mito during hypoxia with the Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: FRET-based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration (Mit-ATeam assay) FRET-based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration in cardiomyocytes was measured as described previously ( 5 ).

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G0/G1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: concentration (Mit-ATeam assay) FRET-Based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration in cardiomyocytes was measured as previously described (5).

shRNA:

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G0/G1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Furthermore, we examined whether BAG6 knockdown influences mitochondrial ATP decline under hypoxic condition in cardiomyocytes using Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: Evaluation of intramitochondrial ATP levels identifies G0/G1 switch gene 2 as a positive regulator of oxidative phosphorylation
Article Snippet: To examine whether these genes are involved in the regulation of OXPHOS activity, we knocked down these genes by shRNA (see Fig. S7 A ) and examined [ATP] mito using the Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Forty-eight h after adenovirus infection, mitochondrial ATP concentrations were measured by a Mit-ATeam assay during hypoxia.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: Mit-ATeam assay was performed under 1% O 2 condition at 48 h after siRNA transfection or lentivirus infection.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: We next examined the changes in [ATP] mito during hypoxia with the Mit-ATeam assay.

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: FRET-based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration (Mit-ATeam assay) FRET-based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration in cardiomyocytes was measured as described previously ( 5 ).

Article Title: A molecular triage process mediated by RING finger protein 126 and BCL2-associated athanogene 6 regulates degradation of G0/G1 switch gene 2
Article Snippet: concentration (Mit-ATeam assay) FRET-Based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration in cardiomyocytes was measured as previously described (5).



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Plasma-irradiated Cys products restore mitochondrial energy metabolism in cardiomyocytes under hypoxia. ( A ) Representative images of cardiomyocytes labeled with JC-1 dye to measure mitochondrial membrane potential. Cardiomyocytes treated with Cys or Cys plasma medium were cultured under normoxia or hypoxia. ΔCM(Cys)∗, plasma-irradiated methionine and cysteine-free DMEM supplemented with cysteine. Scale bars, 50 μm. Right: quantification of JC-1 red/green fluorescence ratio (n = 4 independent experiments). ( B ) Representative YFP/CFP ratiometric pseudocolored images of cardiomyocytes transfected with mit-ATeam 1.03 to monitor mitochondrial <t>ATP.</t> Scale bars, 50 μm. Right: quantification of <t>YFP/CFP</t> <t>FRET</t> ratio (n = 4 independent experiments). ( C ) NADH/NAD + ratio in cardiomyocyte lysates (n = 3 independent experiments). ( D ) Real-time oxygen consumption rate (OCR) measurements of cardiomyocytes cultured in plasma-irradiated Cys medium by Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer under normoxia. Cells were treated with oligomycin (Olig.), FCCP, rotenone (Rot.) and antimycin A (AA). ( E ) Measurements of OCR for different respiration modes (n = 3 independent experiments). ( F ) OCR measurements by MitoXpress Xtra assay. Cardiomyocytes were cultured under Nor or Hyp for 24 h, then basal respiration was measured under Nor (n = 3 independent experiments). ( G ) Lactate concentration in media was measured (n = 4 independent experiments). ( H ) Cardiomyocytes were labeled with JC-1 dye after gene silencing by siRNA transfection under Hyp, and JC-1 red/green fluorescence ratio was quantified. siNC: siRNA for negative control, siSqor: siRNA for Sqor gene (n = 3 independent experiments). Scale bars, 100 μm. ( I ) Cardiomyocytes transfected with EGFP and SQOR or empty vector (pcDNA) were labeled with TMRE to measure mitochondrial membrane potential. Right: Measurement of TMRE fluorescence intensity normalized by EGFP-positive cell surface area (n > 72 cells from 3 independent experiments). Scale bars, 50 μm. Data are shown as the means ± SEM. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001 by one-way ANOVA (A-C, F–H); unpaired t -test (E, I). “ns” indicates not significant. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
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Plasma-irradiated Cys products restore mitochondrial energy metabolism in cardiomyocytes under hypoxia. ( A ) Representative images of cardiomyocytes labeled with JC-1 dye to measure mitochondrial membrane potential. Cardiomyocytes treated with Cys or Cys plasma medium were cultured under normoxia or hypoxia. ΔCM(Cys)∗, plasma-irradiated methionine and cysteine-free DMEM supplemented with cysteine. Scale bars, 50 μm. Right: quantification of JC-1 red/green fluorescence ratio (n = 4 independent experiments). ( B ) Representative YFP/CFP ratiometric pseudocolored images of cardiomyocytes transfected with mit-ATeam 1.03 to monitor mitochondrial <t>ATP.</t> Scale bars, 50 μm. Right: quantification of <t>YFP/CFP</t> <t>FRET</t> ratio (n = 4 independent experiments). ( C ) NADH/NAD + ratio in cardiomyocyte lysates (n = 3 independent experiments). ( D ) Real-time oxygen consumption rate (OCR) measurements of cardiomyocytes cultured in plasma-irradiated Cys medium by Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer under normoxia. Cells were treated with oligomycin (Olig.), FCCP, rotenone (Rot.) and antimycin A (AA). ( E ) Measurements of OCR for different respiration modes (n = 3 independent experiments). ( F ) OCR measurements by MitoXpress Xtra assay. Cardiomyocytes were cultured under Nor or Hyp for 24 h, then basal respiration was measured under Nor (n = 3 independent experiments). ( G ) Lactate concentration in media was measured (n = 4 independent experiments). ( H ) Cardiomyocytes were labeled with JC-1 dye after gene silencing by siRNA transfection under Hyp, and JC-1 red/green fluorescence ratio was quantified. siNC: siRNA for negative control, siSqor: siRNA for Sqor gene (n = 3 independent experiments). Scale bars, 100 μm. ( I ) Cardiomyocytes transfected with EGFP and SQOR or empty vector (pcDNA) were labeled with TMRE to measure mitochondrial membrane potential. Right: Measurement of TMRE fluorescence intensity normalized by EGFP-positive cell surface area (n > 72 cells from 3 independent experiments). Scale bars, 50 μm. Data are shown as the means ± SEM. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001 by one-way ANOVA (A-C, F–H); unpaired t -test (E, I). “ns” indicates not significant. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
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Plasma-irradiated Cys products restore mitochondrial energy metabolism in cardiomyocytes under hypoxia. ( A ) Representative images of cardiomyocytes labeled with JC-1 dye to measure mitochondrial membrane potential. Cardiomyocytes treated with Cys or Cys plasma medium were cultured under normoxia or hypoxia. ΔCM(Cys)∗, plasma-irradiated methionine and cysteine-free DMEM supplemented with cysteine. Scale bars, 50 μm. Right: quantification of JC-1 red/green fluorescence ratio (n = 4 independent experiments). ( B ) Representative YFP/CFP ratiometric pseudocolored images of cardiomyocytes transfected with mit-ATeam 1.03 to monitor mitochondrial <t>ATP.</t> Scale bars, 50 μm. Right: quantification of <t>YFP/CFP</t> <t>FRET</t> ratio (n = 4 independent experiments). ( C ) NADH/NAD + ratio in cardiomyocyte lysates (n = 3 independent experiments). ( D ) Real-time oxygen consumption rate (OCR) measurements of cardiomyocytes cultured in plasma-irradiated Cys medium by Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer under normoxia. Cells were treated with oligomycin (Olig.), FCCP, rotenone (Rot.) and antimycin A (AA). ( E ) Measurements of OCR for different respiration modes (n = 3 independent experiments). ( F ) OCR measurements by MitoXpress Xtra assay. Cardiomyocytes were cultured under Nor or Hyp for 24 h, then basal respiration was measured under Nor (n = 3 independent experiments). ( G ) Lactate concentration in media was measured (n = 4 independent experiments). ( H ) Cardiomyocytes were labeled with JC-1 dye after gene silencing by siRNA transfection under Hyp, and JC-1 red/green fluorescence ratio was quantified. siNC: siRNA for negative control, siSqor: siRNA for Sqor gene (n = 3 independent experiments). Scale bars, 100 μm. ( I ) Cardiomyocytes transfected with EGFP and SQOR or empty vector (pcDNA) were labeled with TMRE to measure mitochondrial membrane potential. Right: Measurement of TMRE fluorescence intensity normalized by EGFP-positive cell surface area (n > 72 cells from 3 independent experiments). Scale bars, 50 μm. Data are shown as the means ± SEM. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001 by one-way ANOVA (A-C, F–H); unpaired t -test (E, I). “ns” indicates not significant. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
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Plasma-irradiated Cys products restore mitochondrial energy metabolism in cardiomyocytes under hypoxia. ( A ) Representative images of cardiomyocytes labeled with JC-1 dye to measure mitochondrial membrane potential. Cardiomyocytes treated with Cys or Cys plasma medium were cultured under normoxia or hypoxia. ΔCM(Cys)∗, plasma-irradiated methionine and cysteine-free DMEM supplemented with cysteine. Scale bars, 50 μm. Right: quantification of JC-1 red/green fluorescence ratio (n = 4 independent experiments). ( B ) Representative YFP/CFP ratiometric pseudocolored images of cardiomyocytes transfected with mit-ATeam 1.03 to monitor mitochondrial <t>ATP.</t> Scale bars, 50 μm. Right: quantification of <t>YFP/CFP</t> <t>FRET</t> ratio (n = 4 independent experiments). ( C ) NADH/NAD + ratio in cardiomyocyte lysates (n = 3 independent experiments). ( D ) Real-time oxygen consumption rate (OCR) measurements of cardiomyocytes cultured in plasma-irradiated Cys medium by Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer under normoxia. Cells were treated with oligomycin (Olig.), FCCP, rotenone (Rot.) and antimycin A (AA). ( E ) Measurements of OCR for different respiration modes (n = 3 independent experiments). ( F ) OCR measurements by MitoXpress Xtra assay. Cardiomyocytes were cultured under Nor or Hyp for 24 h, then basal respiration was measured under Nor (n = 3 independent experiments). ( G ) Lactate concentration in media was measured (n = 4 independent experiments). ( H ) Cardiomyocytes were labeled with JC-1 dye after gene silencing by siRNA transfection under Hyp, and JC-1 red/green fluorescence ratio was quantified. siNC: siRNA for negative control, siSqor: siRNA for Sqor gene (n = 3 independent experiments). Scale bars, 100 μm. ( I ) Cardiomyocytes transfected with EGFP and SQOR or empty vector (pcDNA) were labeled with TMRE to measure mitochondrial membrane potential. Right: Measurement of TMRE fluorescence intensity normalized by EGFP-positive cell surface area (n > 72 cells from 3 independent experiments). Scale bars, 50 μm. Data are shown as the means ± SEM. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001 by one-way ANOVA (A-C, F–H); unpaired t -test (E, I). “ns” indicates not significant. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
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Plasma-irradiated Cys products restore mitochondrial energy metabolism in cardiomyocytes under hypoxia. ( A ) Representative images of cardiomyocytes labeled with JC-1 dye to measure mitochondrial membrane potential. Cardiomyocytes treated with Cys or Cys plasma medium were cultured under normoxia or hypoxia. ΔCM(Cys)∗, plasma-irradiated methionine and cysteine-free DMEM supplemented with cysteine. Scale bars, 50 μm. Right: quantification of JC-1 red/green fluorescence ratio (n = 4 independent experiments). ( B ) Representative YFP/CFP ratiometric pseudocolored images of cardiomyocytes transfected with mit-ATeam 1.03 to monitor mitochondrial <t>ATP.</t> Scale bars, 50 μm. Right: quantification of <t>YFP/CFP</t> <t>FRET</t> ratio (n = 4 independent experiments). ( C ) NADH/NAD + ratio in cardiomyocyte lysates (n = 3 independent experiments). ( D ) Real-time oxygen consumption rate (OCR) measurements of cardiomyocytes cultured in plasma-irradiated Cys medium by Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer under normoxia. Cells were treated with oligomycin (Olig.), FCCP, rotenone (Rot.) and antimycin A (AA). ( E ) Measurements of OCR for different respiration modes (n = 3 independent experiments). ( F ) OCR measurements by MitoXpress Xtra assay. Cardiomyocytes were cultured under Nor or Hyp for 24 h, then basal respiration was measured under Nor (n = 3 independent experiments). ( G ) Lactate concentration in media was measured (n = 4 independent experiments). ( H ) Cardiomyocytes were labeled with JC-1 dye after gene silencing by siRNA transfection under Hyp, and JC-1 red/green fluorescence ratio was quantified. siNC: siRNA for negative control, siSqor: siRNA for Sqor gene (n = 3 independent experiments). Scale bars, 100 μm. ( I ) Cardiomyocytes transfected with EGFP and SQOR or empty vector (pcDNA) were labeled with TMRE to measure mitochondrial membrane potential. Right: Measurement of TMRE fluorescence intensity normalized by EGFP-positive cell surface area (n > 72 cells from 3 independent experiments). Scale bars, 50 μm. Data are shown as the means ± SEM. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001 by one-way ANOVA (A-C, F–H); unpaired t -test (E, I). “ns” indicates not significant. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
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Plasma-irradiated Cys products restore mitochondrial energy metabolism in cardiomyocytes under hypoxia. ( A ) Representative images of cardiomyocytes labeled with JC-1 dye to measure mitochondrial membrane potential. Cardiomyocytes treated with Cys or Cys plasma medium were cultured under normoxia or hypoxia. ΔCM(Cys)∗, plasma-irradiated methionine and cysteine-free DMEM supplemented with cysteine. Scale bars, 50 μm. Right: quantification of JC-1 red/green fluorescence ratio (n = 4 independent experiments). ( B ) Representative YFP/CFP ratiometric pseudocolored images of cardiomyocytes transfected with mit-ATeam 1.03 to monitor mitochondrial <t>ATP.</t> Scale bars, 50 μm. Right: quantification of <t>YFP/CFP</t> <t>FRET</t> ratio (n = 4 independent experiments). ( C ) NADH/NAD + ratio in cardiomyocyte lysates (n = 3 independent experiments). ( D ) Real-time oxygen consumption rate (OCR) measurements of cardiomyocytes cultured in plasma-irradiated Cys medium by Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer under normoxia. Cells were treated with oligomycin (Olig.), FCCP, rotenone (Rot.) and antimycin A (AA). ( E ) Measurements of OCR for different respiration modes (n = 3 independent experiments). ( F ) OCR measurements by MitoXpress Xtra assay. Cardiomyocytes were cultured under Nor or Hyp for 24 h, then basal respiration was measured under Nor (n = 3 independent experiments). ( G ) Lactate concentration in media was measured (n = 4 independent experiments). ( H ) Cardiomyocytes were labeled with JC-1 dye after gene silencing by siRNA transfection under Hyp, and JC-1 red/green fluorescence ratio was quantified. siNC: siRNA for negative control, siSqor: siRNA for Sqor gene (n = 3 independent experiments). Scale bars, 100 μm. ( I ) Cardiomyocytes transfected with EGFP and SQOR or empty vector (pcDNA) were labeled with TMRE to measure mitochondrial membrane potential. Right: Measurement of TMRE fluorescence intensity normalized by EGFP-positive cell surface area (n > 72 cells from 3 independent experiments). Scale bars, 50 μm. Data are shown as the means ± SEM. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001 by one-way ANOVA (A-C, F–H); unpaired t -test (E, I). “ns” indicates not significant. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
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Plasma-irradiated Cys products restore mitochondrial energy metabolism in cardiomyocytes under hypoxia. ( A ) Representative images of cardiomyocytes labeled with JC-1 dye to measure mitochondrial membrane potential. Cardiomyocytes treated with Cys or Cys plasma medium were cultured under normoxia or hypoxia. ΔCM(Cys)∗, plasma-irradiated methionine and cysteine-free DMEM supplemented with cysteine. Scale bars, 50 μm. Right: quantification of JC-1 red/green fluorescence ratio (n = 4 independent experiments). ( B ) Representative YFP/CFP ratiometric pseudocolored images of cardiomyocytes transfected with mit-ATeam 1.03 to monitor mitochondrial ATP. Scale bars, 50 μm. Right: quantification of YFP/CFP FRET ratio (n = 4 independent experiments). ( C ) NADH/NAD + ratio in cardiomyocyte lysates (n = 3 independent experiments). ( D ) Real-time oxygen consumption rate (OCR) measurements of cardiomyocytes cultured in plasma-irradiated Cys medium by Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer under normoxia. Cells were treated with oligomycin (Olig.), FCCP, rotenone (Rot.) and antimycin A (AA). ( E ) Measurements of OCR for different respiration modes (n = 3 independent experiments). ( F ) OCR measurements by MitoXpress Xtra assay. Cardiomyocytes were cultured under Nor or Hyp for 24 h, then basal respiration was measured under Nor (n = 3 independent experiments). ( G ) Lactate concentration in media was measured (n = 4 independent experiments). ( H ) Cardiomyocytes were labeled with JC-1 dye after gene silencing by siRNA transfection under Hyp, and JC-1 red/green fluorescence ratio was quantified. siNC: siRNA for negative control, siSqor: siRNA for Sqor gene (n = 3 independent experiments). Scale bars, 100 μm. ( I ) Cardiomyocytes transfected with EGFP and SQOR or empty vector (pcDNA) were labeled with TMRE to measure mitochondrial membrane potential. Right: Measurement of TMRE fluorescence intensity normalized by EGFP-positive cell surface area (n > 72 cells from 3 independent experiments). Scale bars, 50 μm. Data are shown as the means ± SEM. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001 by one-way ANOVA (A-C, F–H); unpaired t -test (E, I). “ns” indicates not significant. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma-irradiated cysteine protects cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury by preserving supersulfides

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103445

Figure Lengend Snippet: Plasma-irradiated Cys products restore mitochondrial energy metabolism in cardiomyocytes under hypoxia. ( A ) Representative images of cardiomyocytes labeled with JC-1 dye to measure mitochondrial membrane potential. Cardiomyocytes treated with Cys or Cys plasma medium were cultured under normoxia or hypoxia. ΔCM(Cys)∗, plasma-irradiated methionine and cysteine-free DMEM supplemented with cysteine. Scale bars, 50 μm. Right: quantification of JC-1 red/green fluorescence ratio (n = 4 independent experiments). ( B ) Representative YFP/CFP ratiometric pseudocolored images of cardiomyocytes transfected with mit-ATeam 1.03 to monitor mitochondrial ATP. Scale bars, 50 μm. Right: quantification of YFP/CFP FRET ratio (n = 4 independent experiments). ( C ) NADH/NAD + ratio in cardiomyocyte lysates (n = 3 independent experiments). ( D ) Real-time oxygen consumption rate (OCR) measurements of cardiomyocytes cultured in plasma-irradiated Cys medium by Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer under normoxia. Cells were treated with oligomycin (Olig.), FCCP, rotenone (Rot.) and antimycin A (AA). ( E ) Measurements of OCR for different respiration modes (n = 3 independent experiments). ( F ) OCR measurements by MitoXpress Xtra assay. Cardiomyocytes were cultured under Nor or Hyp for 24 h, then basal respiration was measured under Nor (n = 3 independent experiments). ( G ) Lactate concentration in media was measured (n = 4 independent experiments). ( H ) Cardiomyocytes were labeled with JC-1 dye after gene silencing by siRNA transfection under Hyp, and JC-1 red/green fluorescence ratio was quantified. siNC: siRNA for negative control, siSqor: siRNA for Sqor gene (n = 3 independent experiments). Scale bars, 100 μm. ( I ) Cardiomyocytes transfected with EGFP and SQOR or empty vector (pcDNA) were labeled with TMRE to measure mitochondrial membrane potential. Right: Measurement of TMRE fluorescence intensity normalized by EGFP-positive cell surface area (n > 72 cells from 3 independent experiments). Scale bars, 50 μm. Data are shown as the means ± SEM. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001 by one-way ANOVA (A-C, F–H); unpaired t -test (E, I). “ns” indicates not significant. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Article Snippet: For FRET-based measurement of mitochondrial ATP concentration, mit-ATeam 1.03 plasmid was transfected into cardiomyocytes [ ] by LipofectamineTM 3000 transfection reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific).

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics, Irradiation, Labeling, Membrane, Cell Culture, Fluorescence, Transfection, Concentration Assay, Negative Control, Plasmid Preparation